identical particles

This has important consequences for the discussion of identical particles.

For simplicity, consider a system composed of two identical particles.

The effects of identical particles can be dominant at very high densities and low temperatures.

These correlations have quite specific properties for identical particles.

In physics, the exchange interaction is a quantum mechanical effect between identical particles.

When considering identical particles, this is called cohesive force.

Electrons are identical particles because they cannot be distinguished from each other by their intrinsic physical properties.

I understand that no two identical particles can occupy the same energy state with the same quantum numbers.

(The exception to this is if the subsystems are actually identical particles.

Consider the operator algebra of a system of N identical particles.

Some remanence calculations for randomly oriented, identical particles are shown in Figure 5.

Adding up, arranging, or counting assortments of identical particles.

The usual wave function is obtained using the slater determinant and the identical particles theory.

The above calculations are for identical particles.

In classical physics identical particles are nevertheless distinguishable.

Identical particles usually cannot collect into substances.

Mr. Gell-Mann fit together even larger patterns of less nearly identical particles.

If, on the other hand, the velocities of the identical particles have a Maxwell distribution, the following relationship applies:

The "correction" in the denominator is because identical particles in the same condition are indistinguishable.

Many physicists prefer to take the converse interpretation, which is that quantum field theory explains what identical particles are.

They are required to occupy antisymmetric quantum states (see the article on identical particles.)

As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles.

In other words, in an antisymmetric state two identical particles cannot occupy the same single-particle states.

The spin-statistics theorem relates the exchange symmetry of identical particles to their spin.

A fundamental difference between classical and quantum mechanics concerns the concept of indistinguishability of identical particles.