Hominids who lived earlier than 300,000 years ago had hypoglossal canals more akin to those of chimpanzees than of humans.

In the Gomez review facial nerve was affected in all cases while hypoglossal nerve was involved in all except one case.

These hypoglossal- or masseteric-facial nerve anastomosis using a 'jump' interposition graft can be used to directly reinnervate the paralysed facial muscles or as a babysitter procedure.

Medial medullary syndrome, also known as inferior alternating syndrome, hypoglossal alternating hemiplegia, lower alternating hemiplegia, or Dejerine syndrome, is a type of alternating hemiplegia characterized by a set of clinical features resulting from occlusion of the anterior spinal artery.

Branches from the hypoglossal and phrenic reach the investing capsule, but do not penetrate into the substance of the organ.

Lies at the anterolateral margins of the f. magnum and transmits the hypoglossal (XII) nerve.

The rootlets of cranial nerve XII (the hypoglossal nerve) emerge from this sulcus.

Nerve transfers using the hypoglossal or massseteric nerves and the "babysitter" procedure result in first contractions of the mimic muscles after approximately 4 to 6 months.

Eight years later, Terzis introduced the "babysitter" procedure, which consists of a combination of CFNGs and a simultaneous partial hypoglossal to facial nerve transfer.

First the cranial nerves, olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, auditory, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal, and hypoglossal.

In the brain stem, the lower motor neurons are located in the motor cranial nerve nuclei (oculomotor, trochlear, motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, abducens, facial nerve, accessory, hypoglossal).

It may be partially or completely divided into two by a spicule of bone; it gives exit to the hypoglossal or twelfth cerebral nerve, and entrance to a meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery.

Techniques for donor nerve transfers are transposition of the entire donor nerve, partial transposition by splitting the donor nerve longitudinally or indirect hypoglossal- or masseteric-facial anatomosis using a 'jump' interposition graft.

The hypoglossal nerve plays an important role in controlling movements of the tongue.

The muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.

Sometimes the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve is contained within the sheath.

Rarely, the hypoglossal nerve can be damaged during surgery.

The function of the hypoglossal nerve in manipulation for speech contributes to learning languages.

Peripheral damage to the hypoglossal nerve can result in deviation of the tongue to the damaged side.

It is called hypoglossal nerve because it is below the tongue.

Asking a patient to stick out their tongue tests the function of their hypoglossal nerve.

The hypoglossal nerve, which passes through the canal, controls the movements of the tongue and its size is said to reflect speech abilities.

Hypoglossal nerve completely transected and connected to facial nerve.

There is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk.

The nerve supply to geniohyoid is from C1 running with the hypoglossal nerve.

A minute filament descends and joins the hypoglossal nerve as it winds around the occipital artery.

Waller experimented on frogs in 1850, by severing their glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves.

As the disease starts to take more control, facial muscles begin to weaken, and the tongue may develop a twitch due to hypoglossal nerve paralysis.

The hypoglossal nerve crosses both the internal and external carotids, curving around the origin of the occipital artery.

The hypoglossal nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata.

For example the hypoglossal nerve or masseteric nerve on the affected side can be used as donor nerves.

The 12 th cranial nerve ( Hypoglossal Nerve )

The lower sternocleidomastoid branch passes downward and superficial to the hypoglossal nerve before descending into the substance of the muscle.

The hypoglossal nerve as a donor nerve can induce tongue atrophy due to denervation.

Muscles of the syrinx are controlled by the tracheosyringeal branch of the hypoglossal nerve.

The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve (XII), leading to muscles of the tongue.

This so called nucleus raphes obscurus has also been implicated in the modulation of the hypoglossal nerve.

These nerve fibers travel in the hypoglossal nerve before separating in the carotid triangle to form the superior root.