haloalkanes
halogenoalkanes
alkyl halides

Haloalkanes can also be classified according to the type of halogen.

Haloalkanes are diverse in their properties, making generalizations difficult.

These abbreviations are particularly common in discussions of the environmental impact of haloalkanes.

Haloalkanes are a class of molecule that is defined by a carbon-halogen bond.

Haloalkanes can be produced from virtually all organic precursors.

A simple method is to use primary haloalkanes bearing appropriately placed electron withdrawing groups.

Haloalkanes also react with lithium metal to give organolithium compounds.

The haloarene are distinguished from haloalkanes because they exhibit many differences in methods of preparation and properties.

More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes.

Free radical halogenation reactions occur with halogens, leading to the production of haloalkanes.

Haloalkanes have been known for centuries.

Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.

Haloalkanes are better solvents than the corresponding alkanes because of their increased polarity.

Haloalkanes behave as the R synthon, and readily react with nucleophiles.

Bromoethane, also known as ethyl bromide, is a chemical compound of the haloalkanes group.

Thus, haloalkanes can be converted to alkenes.

Correlations of in vitro and in vivo hepatotoxicity for five haloalkanes.

Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names.

Haloalkanes, especially iodoalkanes, also undergo oxidative addition reactions to give organometallic compounds.

In primary (1 ) haloalkanes, the carbon that carries the halogen atom is only attached to one other alkyl group.

Hydrolysis, a reaction in which water breaks a bond, is a good example of the nucleophilic nature of haloalkanes.

DNA damage by haloalkanes in human lymphocytes cultured in vitro.

Key words: acetone, haloalkanes, liver injury, mixtures, interactions.

From the structural perspective, haloalkanes can be classified according to the connectivity of the carbon atom to which the halogen is attached.

Haloalkanes generally resemble the parent alkanes in being colorless, relatively odorless, and hydrophobic.

This is analogous to the Wurtz reaction for coupling halogenoalkanes.

For example, consider the hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes.

Both mechanisms occur for secondary halogenoalkanes.

Distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes.

Compare the inertness of halogenated benzene compounds towards substitution relative to halogenoalkanes.

An example of such a reaction is that with the hydroxyl (-OH) group: the halogenoalkanes have a slightly polarised C-Hal bond.

The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens.

Describe how the rate of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes depends on both the identity of the halogen and whether the halogenoalkane is primary, secondary or tertiary.

Sometimes other halogens (or halogenoalkanes) than iodine are used in the intermediate reactions because they are available in better measurable standard solutions and/or react more readily with the solute.

OA3.1 More about ozone OA3.2 The photodissociation of bromine (option) OA3.3 Investigating the reaction between bromine and cyclohexane OA4.1 How do halogenoalkanes differ in reactivity?

Hydrolysis - comparison with aliphatic halogenoalkanes - To 0.5 cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide (CORROSIVE) add a few drops of chlorobenzene and warm to near boiling.

A number of different alkyl halides were investigated as possible radical sources.

The alkyl halides used were 1-iodooctadecane, 1-bromohexadecane, and 1-chloroctadecane.

With primary alkyl halides, the alternative S2 reaction occurs.

The Appel reaction is also useful for preparing alkyl halides.

The reaction with alkyl halides leads to alkylation of the nitrogen atom.

Organolithium compounds are prepared from lithium metal and alkyl halides.

HI is also used in organic chemistry to convert primary alcohols into alkyl halides.

Reaction with iodine or bromine afford the corresponding alkyl halides.

Metal acetylides can be coupled with primary alkyl halides.

This property is used in the Appel reaction for converting alcohols to alkyl halides.

In a related reaction, alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic displacement by phenoxides.

Alkyl halides differ greatly in the ease with which they undergo the Finkelstein reaction.

When these intermediates react with alkyl halides, functionalized olefins are produced.

It is extremely hard to develop suitable conditions for using alkyl halides and epoxides as electrophiles.

With alkyl halides, one obtains a variety of organoselenium compounds:

Industrially, most alkylations are typically conducted using alcohols, not alkyl halides.

For instance it undergoes hydrohalogenation with mineral acids to give linear alkyl halides.

Alkyl halides are reduced by samarium iodide to the corresponding alkanes.

This side-reaction becomes more significant when the alkyl halides are bulky at the halogen-attached carbon.

Sulfonium compounds are usually synthesized by the reaction of thioethers with alkyl halides.

Alkyl halides are potential greenhouse gases or ozone depletors and possible ecological poisons.

(Secondary and especially tertiary alkyl halides will give the elimination (alkene) product instead).

This transformation include alkylations with other classes of activated alkyl halides of synthetic interest.

Alkyl halides can be converted to the N-alkylphthalimide:

Cyclopropanes undergo hydrohalogenation in the presence of mineral acids to give linear alkyl halides.