end-systolic

The end-systolic values in the table below are for the left ventricle:

The main factors that affect the end-systolic volume are afterload and the contractility of the heart.

Since the afterload imposed on the ventricle is reduced, end-systolic volume can be smaller than normal.

Point C is the end-systolic point.

The stroke volume is the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.

Similarly, the volume of blood left in a ventricle at the end of contraction is end-systolic volume.

The decreased stroke volume causes a decreased forward cardiac output and an increase in the end-systolic volume.

On an electrocardiogram, or ECG, the end-systolic volume will be seen at the end of the T wave.

Left Ventricular end-systolic Dimension; see Ventricle (heart)

Therefore, because end-diastolic volume decreases more than end-systolic volume decreases, the stroke volume decreases.

The increased end-systolic volume translates to increased filling pressures of the left ventricle and increased pulmonary venous congestion.

The right ventricular end-systolic volume (RVESV) normally ranges between 50 and 100 mL.

Functionally, the Anrep effect allows the heart to compensate for an increased end-systolic volume present and the decreased stroke volume that occurs when aortic blood pressure increases.

This reduction in afterload (particularly aortic diastolic pressure) enables the end-systolic volume to decrease slightly, but not enough to overcome the decline in end-diastolic volume.

Arterial elastance (Ea) is a measure of arterial load and is calculated as the simple ratio of ventricular end-systolic pressure to stroke volume.

Left ventricular filling is dependent upon ventricular relaxation and compliance, mitral valve area, atrio-ventricular gradient, atrial contraction and end-systolic volume.

Its value is obtained by subtracting end-systolic volume (ESV) from end-diastolic volume (EDV) for a given ventricle.

The slope of ESPVR (Ees) represents the end-systolic elastance, which provides an index of myocardial contractility.

Several parameters can be calculated for each loop (e.g. end-diastolic pressure, end-systolic pressure, ejection and filling intervals, contractility index, stroke volume, and ejection fraction).

Because of the Frank-Starling law, the next ventricular contraction will be more forceful, causing the ejection of the larger than normal volume of blood, and bringing the LV end-systolic volume back to baseline.

The progression of heart failure is associated with left ventricular remodeling, which manifests as gradual increases in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, wall thinning, and a change in chamber geometry to a more spherical, less elongated shape.

For example, the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR) and end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) are derived from series of loops obtained by slowly inflating a balloon to occlude the inferior vena cava, a procedure that reduces cardiac preload.

SV is calculated using measurements of ventricle volumes from an echocardiogram and subtracting the volume of the blood in the ventricle at the end of a beat (called end-systolic volume) from the volume of blood just prior to the beat (called end-diastolic volume).

After about 40 years of age an S3 should be considered abnormal; It is caused by conditions that increase the volume of ventricular filling during early diastole (e.g., mitral regurgitation), by filling into a ventricle with decreased compliance, or from filling into overfilled ventricles with large end-systolic volumes.