encastellation

That said, encastellation occurred mostly in the centre of the peninsula.

In Italy, the process of encastellation is known as incastellamento.

In the mid-tenth century Conflent experienced a period of encastellation.

In this case, encastellation was the result, not of weak central authority, but of a strong royal hand and direction.

What followed was the complete encastellation of Brycheiniog.

Besides the encastellation of the countryside, the Normans erected several religious buildings which still survive.

Isarn began a programme of encastellation to bring the Dauphiné back under Christian control.

The encastellation of Spain is inextricably linked to the Reconquista.

Richard Mor de Burgh, who began the encastellation of Connaught c. 1237.

The encastellation of Sicily was begun at the behest of the native Greek inhabitants.

From Normandy and Anjou, encastellation spread to the Loire Valley.

In Ireland, as in the rest of Britain and most of Europe, encastellation was primarily a Norman venture.

As in France, so in Germany: the impetus for encastellation was provided, not by a strong monarch, but by the weakening of royal authority.

In 871, Wilfred the Hairy and his kin began the encastellation of Besalú by constructing a forward castle at Castellaris.

Consequentially, his reign saw the encastellation of Pallars of Ribagorza and the proliferation of turres (defensive towers).

In Rome itself, encastellation often led to the fortifying of the ancient monuments which had fallen into disuses, such as the Arch of Constantine and the Colosseum.

They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape.

The reign also saw a proliferation (encastellation) of turres (defensive towers) in Pallars and Ribagorza; castles such as Leovalles, Castellous, and Lemignano also multiplied.

They were again forced to move as a result of the encastellation of Connacht by Richard Mor de Burgh, with the result that they were dispersed and faded utterly from power.

In the centre of the peninsula, the Papal States, the agents of encastellation were not large territorial magnates, but the petty nobles who belonged to various families and factions usually associated with Rome in some way.

He gave Fondi to his second son Marinus with the equivalent title of duke and set a precedent for the partitioning of the Gaetan duchy and its encastellation, which corroded ducal authority over time.

Bishop Ó Muirdaig's term witnessed the invasion and encastellation of Connacht begin under Richard Mor de Burgh (c. 1194-1242) and the collapse of the Ó Conchobair kingship.

In France, encastellation began in the north, in Normandy and Anjou, under the direction both of local barons as well as the Duke of Normandy and the Count of Anjou.

This revival was aided by the conversion of the raiding Scandinavians and Magyars to Christianity, as well as the assertion of power by Encastellation to fill the power vacuum left by the Carolingian decline.

After the Lombard castle at Melfi, which was conquered by the Normans early on and augmented with a surviving rectangular donjon late in the 11th century, Calabria was the first province to be changed radically by Norman encastellation.