cytoplasmic dynein

Cytoplasmic dynein probably helps to position the Golgi complex and other organelles in the cell.

Dynactin also enhances the processivity of cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin-2 motors.

Cytoplasmic dynein will carry the vesicles containing the melanin to the center of the cell.

Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein.

Axonal transport: beyond kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein, Current opinion in neurobiology, 1991-Oct, vol.

In eukaryotes, cytoplasmic dynein must be activated by binding of dynactin, another multisubunit protein that is essential for mitosis.

Cytoplasmic dynein 2 heavy chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYNC2H1 gene.

Axonal transport can be disrupted by a variety of mechanisms including damage to: kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein, microtubules, cargoes, and mitochondria.

KIF15 restricts the movement of short microtubules into growing axons by generating forces on microtubules which counteract those generated by cytoplasmic dynein.

There is some evidence which suggests that spectrin facilitates Golgi membrane association with motor proteins, including cytoplasmic dynein, kinesin and myosin [ 60, 61].

These include dynactin p150Glued, a cytoplasmic dynein accessory protein involved in retrograde transport of organelles, and kinesin-like protein which is another transport-mediation protein.

The outward or anterograde movement is powered by kinesin-2 while the inward or retrograde movement is powered by cytoplasmic dynein 2/1b.

In differentiating neurons, KIF23 restricts the movement of short microtubules into axons by acting as a "brake" against the driving forces of cytoplasmic dynein.

Cytoplasmic dynein, found in all animal cells and possibly plant cells as well, performs functions necessary for cell survival such as organelle transport and centrosome assembly.

Axonemal dynein facilitates the movement of cilia and flagella, and cytoplasmic dynein facilitates transport of intracellular cargos.

These include cytoplasmic dynein targeting to Golgi and other membranes, and SNARE-mediated ER-Golgi trafficking.

KIF11, like KIF15 and KIF23, is thought to act as a restrictor of short microtubules moving bi-directionally along the axon, exerting forces antagonistically to cytoplasmic dynein.

In higher eukaryotes, cytoplasmic dynein is involved in silencing the SAC by removing the checkpoint proteins Mad2 and the Rod-Zw10-Zwilch complex (RZZ) from aligned kinetochores.

DCTN6 is the gene of p27 subunit of the dynactin complex, which is the essential component for microtubule-based cytoplasmic dynein motor activity in transport of variety of intracellular cargoes and organelle.

The alternating activity of the paired heavy chains in the complete cytoplasmic dynein motor enables a single dynein molecule to transport its cargo by "walking" a considerable distance along a microtubule without becoming completely detached.

Cytoplasmic dynein moves processively along the microtubule; that is, one or the other of its stalks is always attached to the microtubule so that the dynein can "walk" a considerable distance along a microtubule without detaching.

Zeste white 10 (ZW10) was initially identified as a mitotic checkpoint protein involved in chromosome segregation, and then implicated in targeting cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin to mitotic kinetochores, but it is also important in non-dividing cells.

This movement is probably mediated by the motor activity towards the "minus" (-) of the motor protein cytoplasmic dynein, which is very concentrated in the kinetochores not anchored to MTs (reviewed by Banks and Heald in 2001).

Studies have shown that the movement of IFT particles along the microtubule is carried out by two different microtubule-based motors; the anterograde (towards the flagellar tip) motor is heterotrimeric kinesin-2, and the retrograde (towards the cell body) motor is cytoplasmic dynein 1b.