collective liability

Collective liability is occasionally imposed in criminal cases, too.

It is a collective liability which lies on British Rail.'

The collective liability argument, they say, would be like holding all car makers liable for an injury caused by a drunken driver.

The population of the area was from the start saddled with collective liability and its extermination was planned.

He also asserted that their collective liability theory was the equivalent of holding all car makers liable for an injury caused by a drunken driver in one car.

The report by Sir Anthony Hidden QC, published yesterday, said there is a 'collective liability which lies with British Rail'.

So solvent manor estate holders had to step in for over-indebted borrowers, thus transforming the manor estate holders into a corporation of collective liability.

But they said the issue of collective liability poses serious questions about the financial health of the Jefferson Towers Corporation, which does not have a reserve fund that would cover the amount of damages.

The fact remains that, today, the situation is so serious, the collective liability so great and the risks to the future so terrible that we cannot allow this day to end without a political show of force.

But a lawyer for several of the companies attacked the plaintiffs' arguments of collective liability and industrywide negligent distribution as devoid of merit because "there is no way to hold the manufacturers and distributors liable."

Black also cites examples - particularly in The Behavior of Law (1976) - which indicate movement through social space, such as a society becoming more stratified, or the status (and collective liability) of an ethnic group changing over time.

The concept of "collective liability" where more than one person can share liability and punishment for the actions of another person is not universally accepted and is considered by some to be a form of human rights abuse, while others believe it is just.

"If a corporation in the United States can exhibit or demonstrate that it had a certain character when certain of its managers operated contrary to the law and the corporate defendant can demonstrate that the conduct was out of character," it can escape automatic collective liability.

The notion of collective liability and shared punishment for the actions of others as if all perpetrated the same deed may be much older and was used to justify extermination of religious and cultural groups, such as the Albigensian "Heretics" and those who harboured them.