causal *

You can think of figure 12.1 as a real causal process, at the moment known only to God.

Whether there is any causal relationship involved will be considered later.

A: Someone needs to show a causal relationship where this has actually worked.

And we could take the causal theory in this way.

This means that they have the same average causal effect.

No one, of course, is actually suggesting a causal relationship.

From this table we only know the causal effect on Joe.

These five would therefore be the causal factors in the experience of the Real.

But no one knows whether there is a real causal connection.

"The case questions the possible causal relationship" between the two diseases, they said.

Given a causal set this is a difficult property to determine.

According to the strong form of causal closure, that cannot happen.

In this example, we would have to determine three different causal effects.

However, we cannot even be sure that it has got the causal effects absolutely right.

Or does the causal level contain factors of another sort which do the real work?

Simply because two things happen at the same time does not mean there is any causal connection.

A direct causal relationship may not be easy to establish.

Let us be honest: we still know little about the causal factors.

"But we cannot be sure of that, or know which way the causal relationship goes.

And as such they have no causal or explanatory power of their own.

What if you were an observer, though, who had no causal structure?

What one needs in those cases is to establish a causal factor.

There may be more important factors which were not recorded but are, in fact, causal.

For example, a system that processes still images does not need to be causal.

The nature of the causal mechanism is however less well understood.