cartelization
cartelisation BrE

The effects of cartelization can be seen as the basic effect of monopoly.

It is we who must defend free trade against the cartelization of the banana market by the large multinationals.

The report said this approach ran the risk of creating managed trade, and might result in the "cartelization" of Japanese markets.

They claim that the New Deal "cartelization policies are a key factor behind the weak recovery".

There is no significant support for a return to the thoroughgoing cartelization and incompetent government management of the airline industry that was practiced before 1978.

The process of cartelization began slowly, but the cartel movement took hold after 1873 in the economic depression that followed the postunification speculative bubble.

(The others were protective tariffs, cartelization and increased pressure on labor through scientific management and low wages.)

An example of cartelization, recently a supermarket said it backed the state initiative to increase the price of alcohol to reduce alcohol abuse.

Cole-Ohanian show that 60% of the difference between the trend and realized output is due to cartelization and unions.

Robbery through inflation, low real wages 'austerity for workers', usury, money lending, mortgages and cartelization of industries through state regulations.

The breakdown of the anarchic - or imperialistic - world system in 1945 marks the beginning of the comprehensive inter-state cartelization of the western world.

The breakthrough phase: The historical origin of a wider political cartelization is identified in the crisis of the capitalist system after World War II.

According to Cole-Ohanian New Deal policies created cartelization, high wages, and high prices in at least manufacturing and some energy and mining industries.

These benefits depend upon the difference between returns under regulation and those without it, hence, as Posner (1974) suggests, on the gains from cartelization and the ease of forming cartels.

Instead of leading to cartelization and higher prices, which is what most scholars assume the NRA codes did, the tire industry codes led to even more fragmentation and price cutting.

During the New Deal, likewise, attempts were made to stop cutthroat competition, attempts that appeared very similar to cartelization, which would be illegal under antitrust laws if attempted by someone other than government.

But that is modest comfort to embattled defenders of free trade, who see the demands for specific targets for import penetration of the Japanese market as a step toward the cartelization of global markets.

Harold Cole and Lee Ohanian argue that in Great Depression in the United States the cartelization of industry suppressed the labor supply, dampening the recovery and prolonging the depression.

Last week, Mr. Lavagna complained of the "cartelization" of public works projects, which carried an implication of corrupt price fixing and large cost overruns that appear to have enraged Mr. Kirchner.

Examples include cartelization(collusion among companies producing the same product or services to fix the price of goods or services intended to mutual higher profit), restrictive trading agreements, predatory pricing, and abuse of a dominant position.

"The cartelization of the system will be breaking down, and there will certainly be some winners and some losers," said George Taucher, a professor at Imede, the international business school in Lausanne, Switzerland.

First, he held that the state's pricing system was inconsistent with the Federal antitrust laws because it approved "resale price maintenance," which the Court has long held to be barred by the Sherman Act, and "may facilitate cartelization."

"The erosion of these rules portends a troubling sameness and enables a cartelization in which a handful of owners with increasingly common interests have the ability to shape public tastes, and less likelihood that one will be off the reservation."

This in turn led to major economic aid from the U.S. and European nations, and the industrial sector of Pakistan grew very rapidly, improving the economy, but the consequences of cartelization included increased inequality in the distribution of wealth.

There are game theoretic models of market interaction (e.g. among oligopolists) that predict that an increase in market concentration will result in higher prices and lower consumer welfare even when collusion in the sense of cartelization (i.e. explicit collusion) is absent.

His starting assumption is that unions are the cartelisation of the labour market.

But the lot system could not prevent cartelisation, as bidders later withdrew in favour of others.

The process of banking cartelisation took place in conjunction with the regulatory change and the conflicts generated by the governmental policies.

It celebrates the bravery of the individual reviewer against the cartelisation of publishers.

We should also be able to prevent the cartelisation and monopolisation of software and applications.

Bus chassis were purchased from Ashok Leyland and Tata; Isuzu chassis were also obtained (at prices equivalent to the Indian chassis) in order to prevent cartelisation by the Indian suppliers.

The CTB started buying buses from the Isuzu Company of Japan, in order to offset any cartelisation by Tata and Ashok Leyland, the main suppliers, and also purchased Ikarus buses from Hungary.

Being a poor loser, the Commission has tried to guard against the fiscal dumping that is inherent in free movement by means of its European Code of Conduct, which is in fact only a cartelisation code for tax authorities in order to maintain the oligopoly.