A common approach for learning similarity, is to model the similarity function as a bilinear form.
A vector space with a bilinear form generalizes the case of an inner product.
When the bilinear form applied to two vectors results in zero, then they are orthogonal.
These three numbers form the signature of the bilinear form.
This bilinear form then transform tensorially under a reflection or a rotation.
The bilinear form uses gradient of the functions that has only 1st order differentiation.
When α is the identity, then f is a bilinear form.
A bilinear form can be defined on A in the sense of the previous example.
This will be the case if B is a symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear form.
A bilinear form on D arises by pairing the image distribution with a test function.