aktionsart
lexical aspect

Aspect and Aktionsart: Towards a semantic distinction.

No aspectual distinctions are required by the grammar, but derivational expressions of Aktionsart are common.

Lexical aspect is sometimes called Aktionsart, especially by German and Slavic linguists.

Verbs do not show agreement with their arguments, but are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, negation, and aktionsart, among other categories.

In Udmurt grammar, the lexical aspect (aktionsart) of verbs is called verbal aspect.

Temporal information is encoded by a combination of aspect, inherent lexical aspect (aktionsart), and pragmatically governed conversational inferences.

All other things being equal and in the absence of any explicit adverbials, the indicative mood will be interpreted as complete or incomplete depending on the verbal aktionsart.

Finite verbs convey Grammatical person, tense/Aktionsart, Grammatical mood, and Grammatical voice.

Greenlandic has several purely derivational devices of expressing meaning related to aspect and aktionsart, e.g. sar expressing "habituality" and ssaar expressing "stop to".

However, aspectual distinctions may be expressed via participles (see below), and the Slavic aspectual system survives in two aktionsart affixes, perfective (often inceptive) ek- and imperfective -adi.

Grammatical aspect is distinguished from lexical aspect or aktionsart, which is an inherent feature of verbs or verb phrases and is determined by the nature of the situation that the verb describes.

Various prepositions may also be used as aktionsart prefixes, such as el (out of), used to indicate that an action is performed to completion or at least to a considerable degree, also as in Slavic languages.

Vendler's 1957 Philosophical Review article "Verbs and times" first introduced a four-way distinction between verbs based on their aspectual features, a distinction which has had a major influence on theories of lexical aspect or aktionsart.

Coverb is a term in theoretical linguistics most often applied in languages with serial verb construction, but also for complex predicates consisting of two verbs with one of them being an auxiliary verb contributing different kinds of information like modality, direction or aktionsart.

In linguistics, semelfactive is a class of aktionsart (verb aspects that reflect the temporal flow of the denoted event, lexically incorporated into the verb's root itself rather than grammatically expressed by inflections or auxiliary verbs), first posited by Bernard Comrie in addition to Activity, Accomplishment, Achievement, and State.

This is a distinction of lexical aspect between the two verbs.

(This may be considered a form of lexical aspect.)

There is a distinction between grammatical aspect, as described here, and lexical aspect.

His work on lexical aspect, quantifiers, and nominalization has been influential in the field of linguistics.

The distinctions made as part of lexical aspect are different from those of grammatical aspect.

Any event, state, process, or action which a verb expresses-collectively, any eventuality-may also be said to have the same lexical aspect.

The following table exemplifies examples of lexical aspect in English that involve change (an example of a State is 'know').

Lexical aspect is sometimes called 'Aktionsart', especially by German language and Slavist linguists.

Lexical aspect is an inherent property of a verb or verb-complement phrase, and is not marked formally.

Lexical aspect is invariant, while grammatical aspect can be changed according to the whims of the speaker.

In Udmurt grammar, the lexical aspect (aktionsart) of verbs is called verbal aspect.

Bulgarian verbs express lexical aspect (вид).

In his discussion of lexical aspect, Bernard Comrie (1976) included the category semelfactive or punctual events such as "sneeze".

They also have lexical aspect (perfective and imperfective), voice, nine tenses, five moods and six non-finite verbal forms.

G - Aktionsart (Lexical Aspect)

Verbs may belong to one of two lexical aspects (perfective vs imperfective); these are expressed by prefixes, which often have prepositional origin.

Temporal information is encoded by a combination of aspect, inherent lexical aspect (aktionsart), and pragmatically governed conversational inferences.

Subsequently the second verb was grammaticalised further into what is known as a light verb, mainly used to convey lexical aspect distinctions for the main verb.

Various Maltese social groups switch back and forth between the two languages, or mix lexical aspects of Maltese and English while engaging in informal conversation or writing.

Telicity might be considered a kind of lexical aspect, except that it is typically not a property of a verb in isolation, but rather a property of an entire verb phrase.

The exact tense or continuity of these participles is therefore determined by the nature of the specific verb (especially its lexical aspect and its transitivity) and the syntactic/semantic context of the utterance.

Grammatical aspect is distinguished from lexical aspect or aktionsart, which is an inherent feature of verbs or verb phrases and is determined by the nature of the situation that the verb describes.

The lexical aspect focuses on sense relations and lexical repetitions, while the grammatical aspect looks at repetition of meaning shown through reference, substitution and ellipsis, as well as the role of linking adverbials.

Vendler's 1957 Philosophical Review article "Verbs and times" first introduced a four-way distinction between verbs based on their aspectual features, a distinction which has had a major influence on theories of lexical aspect or aktionsart.

Bulgarian verbs express lexical aspect: perfective verbs signify the completion of the action of the verb and form past perfective (aorist) forms; imperfective ones are neutral with regard to it and form past imperfective forms.