Kirkendall effect

He is known for his 1947 discovery of the Kirkendall effect.

The Kirkendall effect arises when two distinct materials are placed next to each other and diffusion is allowed to take place between them.

The Kirkendall effect has important practical consequences.

Nonhomogenous distribution of current also aggravates electromigration effects and formation of voids (see e.g. Kirkendall effect).

The ongoing intermetallic reactions also cause Kirkendall effect, leading to mechanical failure of the joint, similar to the degradation of gold-aluminum bonds known as purple plague.

This chemical diffusion coefficient can be used to mathematically analyze Kirkendall effect diffusion via the Boltzmann-Matano method.

The Kirkendall effect is the motion of the boundary layer between two metals that occurs as a consequence of the difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms.

The Kirkendall effect was discovered by Ernest Kirkendall and Alice Smigelskas in 1947, in the course of Kirkendall's ongoing research into diffusion in brass.

Small changes in the chemical environment will allow control of reaction and diffusion at room temperatures, permitting manufacture of diverse polymetallic hollow nanoparticles through galvanic replacement and the Kirkendall effect.

His paper demonstrated the importance of the Kirkendall effect in wire bonding technology, but also showed the significant contribution of any impurities present to the rate at which precipitation occurred at the wire bonds.

Macroscopic evidence for the Kirkendall effect can be gathered by placing inert markers at the initial interface between the two materials, such as molybdenum markers at an interface between copper and brass.

In deriving the first equation, Darken referenced Simgelskas and Kirkendall's experiment which tested the mechanisms and rates of diffusion, and gave rise to the concept now known as the Kirkendall effect.

Use of Darken's equation in this form has important implications for determining the flux of vacancies into a material undergoing diffusion bonding, which, due to the Kirkendall effect, could lead to porosity in the material and have an adverse effect on its strength.