Forer effect
Barnum effect

Self-serving bias has been shown to cancel the Forer effect.

The phenomenon is similar to the Forer effect.

Closely related to the Forer effect, subjective validation is an important element in cold reading.

The Forer effect is also known as the "Barnum effect".

Critics have pointed to the Forer effect to suggest some of these appear to be more accurate and discriminating than they really are.

The study concluded that the self-serving bias is powerful enough to cancel out the usual Forer effect.

Studies have shown that the Forer effect is seemingly universal - it has been observed in people from many different cultures and geographic locations.

Studies on the relationship between schizotypy and belief in the Forer effect have shown high amounts of correlation.

The Forer effect (Barnum statements)

Because of the importance of this phenomenon I shall delve deeper into what is known as the Barnum or Forer effect.

In another study examining the Forer effect, students took the MMPI personality assessment and researchers evaluated their responses.

The list of traits used to describe the children has also been criticized for being vague enough to be applied to almost anyone, a form of the Forer effect.

In psychology, Bertram Forer demonstrates the Forer effect (that people tend to accept generalised descriptions of personality as uniquely applicable to themselves).

Bertram R. Forer (24 October 1914-6 April 2000) was an American psychologist best known for describing the Forer effect, sometimes referred to as subjective validation.

Barnum effect (a.k.a. Forer effect) - Phineas Taylor Barnum (and Bertram R. Forer)

The Forer effect shows that people tend to accept generalised descriptions of their personalities without realising that the same evaluation could apply to nearly anyone else, because people want the results to be true.

While hot reading is the use of foreknowledge and cold reading is the use of general presumptions common to human experience, warm reading refers to the judicious use of Barnum effect statements (also known as Forer effect).

Some observers have expressed doubts as to the veracity of Caputo's abilities and suggested that the show's seemingly paranormal performances could simply be the result of age-old exploits like the Forer effect, cold reading, selective editing, and her subjects' eagerness to believe.

A second psychological phenomenon is known as the Forer effect, which refers to a tendency for individuals to give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people.

According to research psychologist Russell Barkley, the New Age movement has yet to produce empirical evidence of the existence of indigo children, as the traits most commonly attributed to them were akin to the Forer effect (i.e., so vague they could describe nearly anyone).

In an episode of his Trick of the Mind series broadcast in March 2006, Derren Brown showed how easily people can be influenced through cold reading techniques by repeating Bertram Forer's famous demonstration of the personal validation fallacy, or Forer effect.

The terminology of the MBTI has been criticized as being very "vague and general" as to allow any kind of behavior to fit any personality type, which may result in the Forer effect, where individuals give a high rating to a positive description that supposedly applies specifically to them.

The Forer effect relies in part on the eagerness of people to fill in details and make connections between what is said and some aspect of their own lives (often searching their entire life's history to find some connection, or reinterpreting statements in a number of different possible ways so as to make it apply to themselves).

The Barnum effect is a powerful way to get people to think you know all about them.

What kinds of people are particularly susceptible to the Barnum effect?

It may just be due to the Barnum effect, which provides general statement that describe almost anyone.

Do the Barnum effect and paranormal belief involve a general gullibility factor?

This technique has also been referred to as the PT Barnum effect.

The Forer effect is also known as the "Barnum effect".

The 'Barnum Effect' in personality Assessment: A review of the literature.

The Barnum effect and the Dr Fox effect.

Barnum effect: Making a statement that is trivial, and true of everyone, or (in case conferences) of all patients, and is thus useless for discussion.

Bertram Forer first studied the Barnum Effect formally in 1949 but the effect is ancient.

The Barnum effect got its name from P.T. Barnum's idea that you should have a "little something for everyone.

The Barnum effect in conjunction with keen observation, feedback, selective recall, and other insights into human nature allow the cold reader to create an impressive illusion of psychic ability.

Other factors that might help explain the Barnum effect are self serving bias, selective recall, a need to feel unique, and an exceptionally accurate statement coloring the rest of the profile.

The Barnum effect is where people accept unclear expositions of their personality if there is the appearance of some complex process in the derivation of the personality profile.

In fact, the effect of seeing general statements as being accurate of a specific person (a.k.a. the Barnum effect) can alone be a very effective reading, even if you shut out any form of feedback.

It may be that our self-serving bias, our reverence for a particularly accurate statement, our need to feel unique, and our selective recall could be possible explanations as to why the Barnum effect works.

Barnum effect (a.k.a. Forer effect) - Phineas Taylor Barnum (and Bertram R. Forer)

Holmes, C. B., Buchannan, J. A., Duncan, D. S., Reed, T. The Barnum effect in Lüscher Color Test interpretation.

Ruse in Testing Traits The profiles were actually either from popular descriptions of the traits of children of alcoholics or statements taken from previous research on the Barnum effect, such as, "You have some personality weaknesses."

While hot reading is the use of foreknowledge and cold reading is the use of general presumptions common to human experience, warm reading refers to the judicious use of Barnum effect statements (also known as Forer effect).

However, many validity studies are flawed due to small samples, criterion contamination, the Barnum effect, inadequate input data to generate powerful statistical prediction rules, unreliability of measures and the practice of generalizing across testing situations and populations without considering potential moderators.

The Barnum effect describes how a general personality profile that fits everyone will be accepted as accurate when given to an individual, especially if it is tied to some individuating or credible source such as birth date or personality test results (Saville & Dewey).

"Before we did the study I would have thought the Barnum effect explained away the whole ACOA model, but now I think there's at least a grain of truth to it," said Dr. Greenberg, who published the results in the December issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.